World Grappling Championships, #Grappling

Poland shines with six Grappling Gi golds at World Championships

By Vinay Siwach

WARSAW, Poland (August 24) — Host nation Poland, after podium finishes in Grappling, took more silverware home as it won the women’s Grappling Gi team title and finished second in the men’s division.

Poland won six gold medals, three men’s and three women’s, to emerge as a top team as the Grappling World Championships came to an end in Warsaw after four days of intense action.

Adrianna WOJARSKA (POL), Magdalena LOSKA (POL) and Justyna SITKO (POL) were the three gold medalists for Poland in the women’s division as the country finished with 110 points at the top. Kazakhstan was a distant second with 56 points while Ukraine finished with 42 points. Both countries did not crown any champions.

The top two positions were interchanged in the men’s division as Kazakhstan finished at the top with 130 points while Poland was a close second with 107 points. Ukraine was third with 99 points.

Wokarska, a bronze medalist from last year, dominated the 58kg weight class winning two of three bouts before the final via submission. Up against fellow Polish wrestler Magdalena GIEC (POL) in the final, Wokarska was down on the first move but pushed herself out of Giec’s grip before hitting a double leg to take control on top.

Giec led 3-2 after the exchange but landed in trouble as Wokarska caught her leg with both hands. Wokarska rolled to put Giec in a cradle with the leg still gripped and got a submission with a minute left in the bout.

Magdalena LOSKA (POL)Magdalena LOSKA (POL) won the gold at 71kg after a thrilling final against Alycia QUEENE (FRA). (Photo: UWW / Dominik Borowczyk)

European champion Magdalena LOSKA (POL) added further glory for Poland and herself, winning a second world title in as many days. In a thrilling final at 71kg, Loska captured the gold medal after beating Alycia QUENEE (FRA), 3-3, in overtime.

Quenee got the first control and scored two points but as was trying to go for a leg lock, Loska got out of the grip and moved on top to score two points. Loska was called for stalling from the top which gave Quenee the point and a 3-2 lead. With less than a minute left, Loska sprung into action which Quenee tried to stall. That cost her a point but since both wrestlers had similar technique points and a caution each, a minute of overtime was added.

Quenee got the back mount position but she failed to score or submit in the minute and Loska won the gold in front of a small but loud home crowd. Loska had defeated Quenee in the semifinals of the No Gi competition on Wednesday.

The third gold for Poland was won by Justyna SITKO (POL) who defeated Tammy GRIEGO (USA), 5-3, in the 90kg final. Sitko got the first control to lead 2-0 before she put Griego on her back with second control to lead 5-0.

Griego reversed the positions but Sitko was too powerful to give up control. She did get penalized three times in the last 50 seconds for stalling but that did not stop her from winning 5-3, the three points for Griego being caution points.

Canada won its first gold medal in women’s Grappling Gi after 14 years as Jamie MUTTON (CAN) was crowned the champion at 64kg. She ended the drought of gold for Canada which last crowned a woman champion in 2009 — Sheila BIRD (CAN) at 63kg.

Mutton did it in style, by submitting home favorite Sandra PNIAK (POL) in 4:15, locking her with legs and extending Pniak’s arm which left the Polish grappler with no option but to submit.

At 53kg, Pnina ARONOV (ISR) captured the gold medal a day after winning silver in the No Gi competition. She submitted Diana LOMEI (UKR) in the final using a headlock.

Iker CAMARA (ESP)Iker CAMARA (ESP) won the gold medal in men's 71kg final. (Photo: UWW / Dominik Borowczyk)

Men’s Grappling Gi

Jakub NAJDEK (POL), who finished fifth at last year’s World Championships, gave Poland its first gold medal as he caught Pierre MANZO (FRA) in a strong leg-lock and forced a submission in a minute and 10 seconds to win the 77kg final.

Like Najdek, Pawel JAWORSKI (POL) also used a powerful leg lock forcing Jeremie BLAIN (CAN) to tap out in just a minute in the 84kg final and win the second gold for Poland.

Andrzej IWAT (POL) continued his unbeaten run at the World Championships since finishing ninth last year as he won the 100kg gold, a day after winning the same in No Gi.

Taking on the defending world champion Ivan MALIN (UKR) in the final, Iwat, like the other Polish gold winners, won the gold via submission in 43 seconds.

A brilliant arm-trap gave Iwat his second world title in two days. Iwat had also beaten Malin at the European Championships finals in both Gi and No Gi Grappling.

Ukraine did crown a champion as Roman KIZIUK (UKR) defeated Claudiu PATRU (ROU), 5-3, in the 92kg final. Kiziuk scored the first two points but Patru was awarded one point on two occasions as Kiziuk was called for no action.

But Kiziuk got clear control on top of Patru as he jumped over Patru to score three points. He was penalized again for stalling but it did not matter in the end as he held on for a 5-3 win.

At 62kg, Samat AITPANBET (KAZ) won the gold medal, the only one for the team champions. He faced Loris ZANOLINI (ITA) in the final and came out on top 3-2 after a last-minute effort saw him control Zanolini from behind the chest, confirming two points.

Zanolini had opened the scoring 2-0 before being called for stalling and a point was awarded to Aitpanbet. The two remained in a scramble for the rest of the four minutes but the Kazakhstan wrestler scored a late grip to win.

Iker CAMARA (ESP) denied Kazakhstan a second gold medal as he defeated Nurbek TALBUDIN (KAZ), 5-2, in the 71kg final. Camara’s win gave him the world title in both Gi and No Gi which he won Wednesday.

Camara decided to be on the mat which allowed Talbudin to score two points but the Spaniard easily defended from there and even got a point for Talbudin’s passivity. Another point was added to Camara’s score as Talbudin struggled with ideas.

A third point was added when Talbudin failed to score or get out of Camara’s grip of his hand and leg. The two continued to hold on to each other but Camara went behind and scored stalling the match in the final 30 seconds.

Kazakhstan challenged but the review showed no reason to change the result as Camara won 5-2.

John HANSEN (USA) put behind the disappointment of not defending his No Gi title and returned to win the Gi gold at 130kg. He defeated Talgat ZHIYENTAYEV (KAZ), 12-2 in the final.

After beginning from the bottom, Hansen got passivity points twice as Zhiyentayev failed to score after the initial control for two points. Hansen then broke the Kazakh going behind with a grip below the shoulders to get two more points.

With no defense, Hansen kept the control for three points and then five points to win 12-2 and win the gold.

Giorgi RAZMADZE (GEO) won his second gold in two days after Anthony DE OLIVEIRA (FRA) forfeited the 66kg final.

RESULTS

Women’s Grappling Gi

53kg
GOLD:  Pnina ARONOV (ISR) df. Diana LOMEI (UKR), via submission (9-0)

BRONZE: Alicja STYPULKOWSKA (POL) df. Zhanna KASKINOVA (KAZ), via submission (6-0)
BRONZE: Tetiana ASTAKHOVA (UKR) df. Martyna IWAT (POL), 6-3

58kg
GOLD: Adrianna WOJARSKA (POL) df. Magdalena GIEC (POL), via submission (2-3)

BRONZE: Janette GLOGER (GER) df. Tina BARANTAR (GRE), 0-0
BRONZE: Botakoz YELDOSKYZY (KAZ) df. Minerva MONTERO (ESP), via submission (3-2)

64kg
GOLD: Janine MUTTON (CAN) df. Sandra PNIAK (POL), via submission (2-2)

BRONZE: Antonia KANEW (GER) df. Fariza KULYNTAY (KAZ), 8-1
BRONZE: Julija STOLIARENKO (LTU) df. Florika LUCHYCH (UKR), via submission (0-2)

71kg
GOLD: Magdalena LOSKA (POL) df. Alycia QUENEE (FRA), 3-3

BRONZE: Shynar UZBEKOVA (KAZ) df. Christina HANSEN (USA), 2-0

90kg
GOLD: Justyna SITKO (POL) df. Tammy GRIEGO (USA), 5-3

BRONZE: Lolita OBOLEVICA (LAT) df. Sarshti CHOUDHARY (IND), via submission (6-0)
BRONZE: Janina CZYCZYN (POL) df. Halyna KOVALSKA (UKR), via submission (1-2)

Men’s Grappling Gi

62kg
GOLD: Samat AITPANBET (KAZ) df. Loris ZANOLINI (ITA), 3-2

BRONZE: Razmik MISAKYAN (ARM) df. Farhad BAGIROV (AZE), 5-1
BRONZE: Mayis NERSESYAN (ARM) df. Tal PISTINER (ISR), 2-2

66kg
GOLD: Giorgi RAZMADZE (GEO) df. Anthony DE OLIVEIRA (FRA), 0-0

BRONZE: Saveliy KAZAKOV (KAZ) df. Wojciech PAJAK (POL), 2-2
BRONZE: Yurii CHERKALIUK (UKR) df. Omri HAVIV (ISR), 2-2

71kg
GOLD: Iker CAMARA (ESP) df. Nurbek TALBUDIN (KAZ), 5-2

BRONZE: Zoltan TOTH (HUN) df. Ousmane NASSUR (FRA), 4-2
BRONZE: Magomed DJABRAILOV (FRA) df. Yarin CHRIKI (ISR), 9-4

77kg
GOLD:  Jakub NAJDEK (POL) df. Pierre MANZO (FRA), via submission (0-2)

BRONZE: Natan SAP (POL) df. Shamil BALAYEV (KAZ), via submission (1-2)
BRONZE: Nikolaos POLYDOROS (GRE) df. Evyatar PAPERNI (ISR), 5-2

84kg
GOLD:  Pawel JAWORSKI (POL) df. Jeremie BLAIN (CAN), via submission (0-2)

BRONZE: Bekarys SHYNGGYSBEK (KAZ) df. Mate GALIK (HUN), 5-2
BRONZE: Andrii BARKAR (UKR) df. Mateusz MAZUR (POL), 0-0

92kg
GOLD: Roman KIZIUK (UKR) df. Claudiu PATRU (ROU), 5-3

BRONZE: Mykhailo MUZYCHENKO (UKR) df. Ravshan URAZOV (KAZ), via submission (5-0)
BRONZE: Joris ROOKHUIJZEN (NED) df. Zhandos KUANYSHBEKOV (KAZ), via submission (2-0)

100kg
GOLD: Andrzej IWAT (POL) df. Ivan MALIN (UKR), via submission (0-2)

BRONZE: Bakdaulet ABYZOV (KAZ) df. Jeffery E ANDERSON (USA), via forfeit
BRONZE: Konstantin LI (KGZ) df. Mourad BENGHOUNE (FRA), 5-1

130kg
GOLD: John HANSEN (USA) df. Talgat ZHIYENTAYEV (KAZ), 12-2

BRONZE: Saulet ABUSSALIKHOV (KAZ) df. Konrad VANSELOW (GER), 3-1
BRONZE: Eldar RAFIGAEV (MDA) df. Ivan SNIHUR (UKR), via submission (0-2)

#WrestleAmman

Tanabe outdoes Olympic medalist dad by claiming Asian 65kg gold

By Ken Marantz

AMMAN, Jordan (March 29) -- By winning his first senior Asian title, collegian Kaisei TANABE (JPN) did something his father and coach was unable to accomplish. Now his aim to better dad's result at the Olympics.

Tanabe stormed to a one-sided victory in the 65kg final as Japan had two champions crowned on the first day of the freestyle competition at the Asian Championships on Saturday in Amman, Jordan.

Tanabe completed his golden run with a 12-2 victory over Tsogbadrakh TSEVEENSUREN (MGL) to outdo his father Chikara, who was a bronze medalist at the 2004  Athens Olympics but never medaled in two trips to the Asian Championships.

"My older sister is now a coach in China, and my father and mother are watching from home," the 22-year-old Tanabe said. "They give me advice before every match, and I incorporate that. This is a title won by my whole family."

Japan also got a gold from rising star Arash YOSHIDA (JPN), who added the 97kg title to the one he claimed at 92kg in 2023, while three countries split the three other golds at stake.

Asian Games silver medalist Chongsong HAN (PRK) won at 57kg, Ernazar AKMATALIEV (KGZ) took the 70kg title with his third come-from-behind victory in four matches, and teenager Mahdi YOUSEFI (IRI) put on a performance well behind his years to capture the 79kg gold.

Kaisei TANABE (JPN)Kaisei TANABE (JPN) hits a throw against Tsogbadrakh TSEVEENSUREN (MGL) in the 65kg final. (Photo: United World Wrestling / Kadir Caliskan)

Tanabe, who lost in the first round last year at 61kg, showed the great strides he has made since then by sweeping through a tough field, culminating with a decisive victory over Tseveensuren, a world bronze medalist last year at 61kg.

"From the first match, I faced strong opponents, but I thought to myself, I face even stronger rivals back home in Japan," Tanabe said. "So I just did what I had to do in each and every match."

It was Tseveensuren who struck first, using a barrel roll for a 2-point takedown. But Tanabe shook off his early nerves and got down to business, scoring a 4-point takedown by getting behind Tseveensuren in the standing position and using a throw to bring him backward to the mat.

In the second period, Tanabe showed he has power to go with his speed when he shut down a headlock roll attempt for a 2-point exposure, also gaining a 2-point penalty when the Mongolian fled over the edge while his back is to the mat. A counter takedown and gut wrench then ended the match with 26 seconds to spare.

"In the final, I was nervous and gave up points first," Tanabe said. "But then the match went my way and I was able to dictate the flow."

In December, Tanabe earned his ticket to Amman by winning the national title in the absence of Paris Olympic champion and former Nippon Sports Science University teammate Kotaro KIYOOKA (JPN), who has yet to return to competition. (Tanabe also finished second in Greco-Roman at 67kg.)

With an Asian championship providing a boost of confidence, he now aims to remain the top dog in a weight class in which Japan has had the two most recent Olympic gold medalists.

"Japan is really strong in the 65kg weight class," Tanabe said. "I want to hone the weapons that only I possess and take on all of the top rivals."

At 97kg, Yoshida won a battle of young stars in the final of a weight class that saw world and Olympic champion Akhmed TAZHUDINOV (BRN) withdraw at the last minute after not recovering sufficiently from a shoulder injury.

Yoshida was largely untroubled in defeating 2023 world 92kg champion Rizabek AITMUKHAN (KAZ) 7-1, chalking up four stepouts and keeping his taller opponent at arm's length throughout the match.

The 21-year-old Yoshida got three of the stepouts in the first period, then added a fourth early in the second. He then received an activity point and got behind for a takedown before the 20-year-old Aitmukhan, who had to settle for a silver medal for the third straight year, picked up a consolation stepout.

"Tazhudinov didn't compete which made it a little easier, but it's still important that I practice even harder," Yoshida said.

Yoshida, whose father is Iranian and runs the kids wrestling club in Japan where he and his siblings started the sport, has emerged as Japan's biggest hope for its first Olympic success in the heavy weights since Akira OTA (JPN) won Olympic silvers at 90kg in 1984 and 1988.

"Japan is very strong in the light weights, and I don't think we're close to that level in the heavy weights," Yoshida said. "But we'll work hard to try to get to that level."

Yoshida came into Amman riding a victory at the Tirana Ranking Series event in February, where he turned heads with a stunning 5-5 victory in the semifinals over former Olympic champion Kyle SNYDER (USA).

He had termed that victory "lucky," but gave himself more credit for his triumph in Amman. "It was not so much lucky, more that I think I just put out everything that I had this tournament," Yoshida said.

Chongsong HAN (PRK)Chongsong HAN (PRK) won the 57kg gold medal with an 8-1 victory over Milad VALIZADEH (IRI). (Photo: United World Wrestling / Kadir Caliskan)

At 57kg, Han, the silver medalist at the 2023 Asian Games who missed out twice in qualifying for the Paris Olympics, completed a strong performance by defeating young Milad VALIZADEH (IRI) 8-1 for the gold.

Han opened the scoring with a nice duck under for a takedown, and the first period ended with him up 2-0. After Valizadeh started the second period with a stepout, Han gained another point when Iran unsuccessfully challenged a slick move by Han, who spun in mid-air to get out of an underhook.

To add insult to injury, Han was awarded a point when Valizadeh continually remained on his knees in defense at the edge to avoid a stepout. With :05 left, Han clinched the gold with a double-leg takedown for 4.

Valizadeh took home the silver in just his third tournament on the senior level.

Nothing was a sure thing when it came to matches involving Akmataliev, who chalked up his third come-from-behind victory when he rallied from a four-point deficit to defeat Viktor RASSADIN (TJK) 5-4 in the 70kg final.

Rassadin, aiming to improve on his silver medal from last year at 74kg, scored two takedowns in the first period to go ahead 4-0.

Akmataliev came to life in the second period, gaining a takedown from a duck under, than going ahead on criteria with a 2-point counter lift.

At the end, Rassadin got hold of an ankle but Akmataliev high-stepped out of it, and an unsuccessful challenge gave Akmataliev his final point.

The victory gave Akmataliev his first gold in four appearances at the Asian Championships and second medal overall following a silver in 2022, the year he also won a world bronze. He also has a world silver from 2021.

Mahdi YOUSEFI (IRI)Mahdi YOUSEFI (IRI) hits a four-point throw against Khidir SAIPUDINOV (BRN) in the 79kg final. (Photo: United World Wrestling / Kadir Caliskan)

The most dominant victory of the finals was turned in by world U23 champion Yousefi, who was never challenged in charging to a 10-0 victory over Khidir SAIPUDINOV (BRN).

Yousefi, who finished second at this year's Zagreb Ranking Series event, received an activity point before scoring a takedown, despite a daring and athletic attempt by Saipudinov to prevent it. With Yousefi holding his leg in the air, Saipudinov executed a back flip, but the Iranian held on and completed the takedown anyway.

In the second period, Yousefi piled on the points with a single-leg takedown, a 2-point tilt and a 2-point exposure off a double-leg attempt to make it 8-0.

A driving double-leg takedown that went over the edge was originally scored 2 points, but was downgraded to 1 on challenge. No matter, it still gave Yousefi his 10th point to end the match at the 5-minute mark.

Iran goes 3 for 3 in bronze-medal matches

The trio of Iranians who didn't make the finals all came back to take home bronze medals. World U23 bronze medalist Abbas EBRAHIMZADEH (IRI) left no doubt in his 65kg match, pulling away in the second period for a 10-0 victory over Umidjon JALOLOV (UZB).

Ahead 1-0 from an activity point in the first period, Ebrahimzadeh got a takedown and a stepout to pad the lead, then after a second takedown, reeled off two trap-arm rolls to end the match in 4:25.

Kwang Jin KIM (PRK) eked out a 2-1 victory over last year's 61kg champion Taiyrbek ZHUMASHBEK UULU (KGZ) in the other 65kg match, which finished without a technical point but with a peculiar ending.

Both wrestlers had received an activity point, with Kim's coming in the second period to give him the advantage on criteria. Zhumashbek Uulu was scrapping in the final seconds for a score and, with the match still in progress, he signaled for his side to push the challenge button, ostensibly to penalize Kim for fleeing. The challenge was thrown out and Kim got the win.

Sina KHALILI (IRI), two years removed from winning the world U17 gold medal at 65kg, captured a 70kg bronze by defeating veteran Tulga TUMUR OCHIR (MGL) by fall after pulling away to a 9-2 lead.

Khalili got an activity clock point, then scored two driving single-leg takedowns to lead 5-0 at the break. After giving up a stepout and fleeing point, Khalili scored a takedown, then stuffed Tumur Ochir's arm throw attempt to secure the fall.

Tumur Ochir had moved up from 65kg, where he was a world bronze medalist in 2021 and took the silver at last year's Asian Championships. He barely missed out on a medal at the Paris Olympics.

In the other 70kg match, Yoshinosuke AOYAGI (JPN), the world and Asian silver medalist last year, added a second Asian bronze to his collection with a solid 8-0 victory over Russian-born Nachyn KUULAR (KAZ), a one-time European medalist.

Aoyagi, who started the year with a victory at the Tirana Ranking Series event, received an activity point in the first period, then got going in the second. He chalked up a single-leg takedown and gut wrench, then countered a takedown attempt for 2 at the edge that was upheld on challenge.

At 97kg, Mohammadmobin AZIMI (IRI), the 2023 world U20 champion at 92kg, spotted Shatlyk HEMELYAYEV (TKM) an early takedown, but then took control and scored three takedowns, including a 4-pointer at the end of the first period, to notch a 9-3 victory.

Hemelyayev, who also finished fifth in 2022 at 125kg, had been aiming to become Turkmenistan's first Asian medalist since 2018.

Awusayiman HABILA (CHN) earned his second career Asian medal at 97kg when he bulled his way to a first-period takedown, then held on after giving up a stepout in the second to defeat Kanybek ABDULKHAIROV (KGZ) 2-1.

Earlier, Rakhat KALZHAN (KAZ) claimed his third medal in three trips to the Asian Championships, and he was made to work for it in an 8-6 victory at 57kg over Husein ALBEHADILALBORS (IRQ), the Arab champion who did himself proud on the continental stage.

Kalzhan led 5-2 at the break and increased the lead with a takedown and stepout to make it 8-2. But Albehadilalbors didn't give up, forcing a stepout, then countering with a roll through on the edge for 2. A stepout with :12 left cut the lead to 2, but Kalzhan held on in the final seconds to add to his bronze from 2023 and silver from 2022.

Munkh Erdene BATKHUYAG (MGL) won the other bronze at 57kg with an opportunistic victory by fall over Rin SAKAMOTO (JPN), the young Japanese champion who has taken the rare route of heading to the United States for university.

After giving up an activity point in the first period, Sakamoto, who wears the headgear of Oklahoma State University, went ahead in the second with a stepout off a single-leg attack.

Batkhuyag responded with a stepout, onto which a fleeing point was tacked on to go ahead 3-1. Sakamoto then made a tactical error. When Batkhuyag got in deep on a single, Sakamoto reached over and tried to roll through. But the Mongolian stopped the move by sitting on his chest and the match ended with a quick call of the fall at 4:39.

At 79kg, Suldkhuu OLONBAYAR (MGL) dropped former world bronze medalist and Asian champion Arsalan BUDAZHAPOV (KGZ) for a 2-point takedown with :20 left to earn a 4-4 victory on last-point criteria and add to his 2023 bronze at 74kg.

Olonbayar opened with a takedown, but the Russian-born Budazhapov came back with a takedown while on the activity clock, and went ahead with a 2-point counter tilt.

In the second period, Olonbayar got behind in standing position and pulled Budazhapov backwards to the mat. Originally scored a 4-point takedown, it was downgraded to 2 on challenge. That kept Budazhapov's hopes alive, but Olobayar held on for the win.

Magomet EVLOEV (TJK) picked up his first major medal in impressive fashion, defeating Daulet YERGESH (KAZ) by fall in the other 79kg match.

After receiving an activity point, Evloev caught Yergesh in a cradle while countering a single-leg attempt, then rolled him over onto his back for the fall.

Photo

Day 5 Results

Freestyle

57kg (15 entries)
GOLD: Chongsong HAN (PRK) df. Milad VALIZADEH (IRI), 8-1

BRONZE: Rakhat KALZHAN (KAZ) df. Husein ALBEHADILALBORS (IRQ), 8-6
BRONZE: Munkh Erdene BATKHUYAG (MGL) df. Rin SAKAMOTO (JPN) by Fall, 4:39 (5-1)

65kg (16 entries)
GOLD: Kaisei TANABE (JPN) df. Tsogbadrakh TSEVEENSUREN (MGL) by TF, 12-2, 5:34

BRONZE: Kwang Jin KIM (PRK) df. Taiyrbek ZHUMASHBEK UULU (KGZ), 2-1
BRONZE: Abbas EBRAHIMZADEH (IRI) df. Umidjon JALOLOV (UZB) by TF, 10-0, 4:25

70kg (13 entries)
GOLD: Ernazar AKMATALIEV (KGZ) df. Viktor RASSADIN (TJK), 5-4

BRONZE: Yoshinosuke AOYAGI (JPN) df. Nachyn KUULAR (KAZ), 8-0
BRONZE: Sina KHALILI (IRI) df. Tulga TUMUR OCHIR (MGL) by Fall, 4:31 (9-2)

79kg (13 entries)
GOLD: Mahdi YOUSEFI (IRI) df. Khidir SAIPUDINOV (BRN) by TF, 10-0, 5:00

BRONZE: Suldkhuu OLONBAYAR (MGL) df. Arsalan BUDAZHAPOV (KGZ), 4-4
BRONZE: Magomet EVLOEV (TJK) df. Daulet YERGESH (KAZ) by Fall, 2:35 (3-0)

97kg (13 entries)
GOLD: Arash YOSHIDA (JPN) df. Rizabek AITMUKHAN (KAZ), 7-1

BRONZE: Mohammadmobin AZIMI (IRI) df. Shatlyk HEMELYAYEV (TKM), 9-3
BRONZE: Awusayiman HABILA (CHN) df. Kanybek ABDULKHAIROV (KGZ), 2-1